A Guide to Soil Quality Monitoring for Long Term Ecosystem Sustainability on Northern Region National Forests

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RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

• Biomass, Bioenergy, and Biochar Production and Application
• Monitoring
• Productivity

[Last update: 03/04/2013]

BIOMASS, BIOENERGY, AND BIOCHAR PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION 

Research Papers

NOTE: You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader (free download) to view PDF files.

• Angima S.D. and T. A. Terry. 2011. Best Management Practices for Maintaining Soil Productivity in the Douglas-fir Region. Oregon State University Extension Service. 44 p.
  [link added 05/04/2011]
• Coleman, Mark; Page-Dumroese, Deborah; Archuleta, Jim; Badger, Phil; Chung, Woodum; Venn, Tyron; Loeffler, Dan; Jones, Greg; McElligott, Kristin. 2010. Can portable pyrolysis units make biomass utilization affordable while using bio-char to enhance soil productivity and sequester carbon? (available at https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37322. In: Jain, Theresa B.; Graham, Russell T.; Sandquist, Jonathan. Integrated management of carbon sequestration and biomass utilization opportunities in a changing climate: Proceedings of the 2009 National Silviculture Workshop; 2009 June 15–18; Boise, ID. Proceedings RMRS-P-61. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 159–168.
  [link added 05/04/2011]
• Dumroese, R. Kasten; Heiskanen, Juha; Englund, Karl; Tervahauta, Arja 2011. Pelleted biochar: chemical and physical properties show potential use as a substrate in container nurseries. Biomass & Bioenergy. 35: 2018–2027.
  [link added 05/04/2011]
• Johnson L.R., D. Page-Dumroese, and H.-S. Han. 2007. Effects of Machine Traffic on the Physical Properties of Ash-Cap Soils. In: Page-Dumroese, Deborah; Miller, Richard; Mital, Jim; McDaniel, Paul; Miller, Dan, tech. eds. 2007. Volcanic-Ash-Derived Forest Soils of the Inland Northwest: Properties and Implications for Management and Restoration. 9–10 November 2005; Coeur d’?Alene, ID. Proceedings RMRS-P-44; Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 69–82.
  [link added 05/04/2011]
• Kimsey, Mark Jr., Deborah Page-Dumroese and Mark Coleman. 2011. Assessing Bioenergy Harvest Risks: Geospatially Explicit Tools for Maintaining Soil Productivity in Western US Forests. Forests. 2: 797–813. doi:10.3390/f2030797
  [link added 09/21/2011]
• McElligott, Kristin, Deborah Page-Dumroese and Mark Coleman. 2011. Bioenergy Production Systems and Biochar Application in Forests: Potential for Renewable Energy, Soil Enhancement, and Carbon Sequestration. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Research Note. October 2011. RMRS-RN-46.
  [link added 10/24/2011]
• Page-Dumroese, Deborah. S. Is Woody Residue Part of Your Plan for Sustainable Forestry? Northwest Woodlands, Summer 2010. (article also available at https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/35753)
  [Document added to SoLo on 07/30/2010]
• Page-Dumroese, Deborah S.; Jurgensen, Martin; Terry, Thomas. 2010. Maintaining soil productivity during forest or biomass-to-energy thinning harvests in the western United States. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 25(1): 5–11.
  [link added 05/04/2011]
• Pye J.M., H.M. Rauscher, Y. Sands, D.C. Lee, and J. S. Beatty, Technical Eds. Advances in Threat Assessment and Their Application to Forest and Rangeland Management, Volume 1. GTR-PNW-802. September 2010.
  [link added to SoLo on 05/04/2011]

MONITORING 

Symposium Proceedings/General Technical Reports (GTRs)

NOTE: You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader (free download) to view PDF files.

Washington Office

• 2010 Soil Management Manual (part of FSM 2500 – Watershed and Air Management)
  [Document added to SoLo on 12/06/2010]
  • Chapter 2500 - Zero Code
  • FSH 2509.18 - Soil Management Handbook
  • Chapter 2550 - Soil Managment Manual
• GTR-WO-82 – Page-Dumroese, Deborah S.; Ann M. Abbott and Thomas M. Rice. September 2009.
  Forest Soil Disturbance Monitoring Protocol, Volumes I and II. USDA Forest Service, Washington Office.
  • Forest Soil Disturbance Monitoring Protocol,
    Volume I: Rapid Assessment
    General Technical Report GTR-WO-82a
    (PDF - 211 KB) [Document posted on 08/26/2009]
  • Forest Soil Disturbance Monitoring Protocol,
    Volume II: Supplementary Methods, Statistics, and Data Collection
    General Technical Report GTR-WO-82b
    (PDF - 1.8 MB) [Document posted on 08/26/2009]
  • Forest Soil Disturbance Monitoring Protocol,
    SPANISH version
    (PDF - 13.57 MB) [Document posted on 03/04/2013]
• GTR-WO-68 – Winthers, E.; Fallon, D.; Haglund, J.; DeMeo, T.; Nowacki, G.; Tart, D.; Ferwerda, M.; Robertson, G.; Gallegos, A.; Rorick, A.; Cleland, D. T.; Robbie, W. 2005. Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory technical guide: Landscape and Land Unit Scales. USDA Forest Service, Washington Office, Ecosystem Management Coordination Staff.
  [Document added to SoLo on 03/03/2009]

Intermountain Research Station (Later renamed Rocky Mountain Research Station)

• GTR-INT-326 – Page-Dumroese, D.; Harvey, A.; Jurgensen, M. A Guide to Soil Sampling and Analysis on the National Forests of the Inland Northwest United States (PDF - 6.92 MB). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station - General Technical Report, INT-GTR-326, October 1995.
• (Document in GTR-INT-280) – Geist, J. M., R. T. Meurisse, T. A. Max. 1991. Monitoring Forest Soil Properties to Maintain Productivity. (HTML) In:  Harvey, Alan E.; Neuenschwander, Leon F., compilers. Proceedings - management and productivity of western-montane forest soils; 1990 April 10–12; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. Ogden UT: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. pp 90–94.

Rocky Mountain Research Station (Previously named Intermountain Research Station)

• (Document in RMRS-P-41) – Page-Dumroese, D.; Jurgensen, M.; Abbott, A.; Rice, T.; Tirocke, J.; Farley, S.; DeHart, S. Monitoring Changes in Soil Quality from Post-fire Logging in the Inland Northwest (PDF available at https://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/smp/docs/dumroese/RMRS-P-41_605-614.pdf). In:  Andrews, Patricia L.; Butler, Bret W., comps. 2006. Fuels Management. How to Measure Success: Conference Proceedings. 28-30 March 2006; Portland, OR. Proceedings RMRS-P-41. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. pp 605–614.

San Dimas Technology and Development Center

• Napper, Carolyn; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese; and Steve Howes. Soil-Disturbance Field Guide 0819 1815P. 2009. San Dimas, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center. 112 p.
  [Link to document posted on 01/06/2010]
  Related materials:
  • Download the point form from the Soil Disturbance Field Guide (Excel file)
    [brochure added 03/09/2010; last update 04/20/2010]
  • Abbreviated Soil Monitoring Form (Excel file) - This form is for 10 soil monitoring points. Can be used during a quick walk-through of the activity area.
    [Link posted on 04/01/2010; last update 04/20/2010]
  • Forest Soil-Disturbance Monitoring Protocol Toolkit Brochure
    (PDF - 4.2 MB)
    [form added 03/09/2010]

Research Papers

• Arnold, Julie and Chelsea Wrenn. Assessment of Soil Disturbance Following Silvicultural Operations Using the Draft Visual Indicators Protocol: A Region 8 Trial on the Santee Experimental Forest. 2008. USDA Forest Service, Center for Forested Wetlands Research, Southern Research Station, Cordesville, SC (unpublished as of 01/06/2009).
  [link to document added 02/20/2009]
• Aust, W. Michael; James A. Burger; Emily A. Carter; David P. Preston and Steven C. Patterson. Visually determined soil disturbance classes used as indices of forest harvesting disturbance. 1998. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4): 245–250.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• B. C. Ministry of Forests. Soil Conservation Surveys Guidebook, 2nd Edition. 2001. Province of British Columbia, Canada.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Barkley, Yvonne C. After the burn: Assessing and managing your forestland after a wildfire. 2006. Published by University of Idaho Extension for the University of Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho.
  [link to document added 02/20/2009]
• Breckenridge, R. P., W. G. Kepner, and D. A. Mouat. 1995. A Process for Selecting Indicators for Monitoring Conditions of Rangeland Health. (HTML) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 36: 45–60.
• Bulmer, Chuck; Shannon M. Berch; Mike Curran; Bill Chapman; Marty Kranabetter; Stephane Dub�; Graeme Hope; Paul Courtin and Richard Kabzems. Monitoring the effects of forest practices on soil productivity and hydrologic function. 2008. BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management 9(2):48–59.
  [link to document added 02/20/2009]
• Burger, James A. and Daniel L. Kelting. Using soil quality indicators to assess forest stand management. 1999. For. Ecol. Mgmt. 122: 155–166.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Canadian Forest Service and B.C. Ministry of Forests. Forest Soil Temperature Manual (FRDA report 130) (available at https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Frr/Frr130.htm). 1990.
• Curran, Mike; Doug Maynard; Ron Heninger; Tom Terry; Steve Howes; Doug Stone; Tom Niemann and Richard E. Miller. Elements and rationale for a common approach to assess and report soil disturbance. 2007. For. Chron. 83(6): 1–15.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Curran, Michael P.; Richard E. Miller; Steven W. Howes; Douglas G. Maynard; Thomas A. Terry; Ronald L. Heniger; Thomas Niemann; Ken van Rees; Robert F. Powers and Stephen H. Schoenholtz. Progress towards more uniform assessment and reporting of soil disturbance for operations, research, and sustainability protocols. 2005. For. Ecol. Mgmt. 220: 17–30.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Ford, G. L.; C. L. Maynard; J. A. Nesser; D. Page-Dumroese. Landtype Associations of the Northern Region, A First Approximation (PDF - 2.6 MB). 1996. (This document was expanded in 1997 and functions as the Landtype Associations section of this SoLo web site.)
• Geist, J. M., R. T. Meurisse, T. A. Max. 1991. Monitoring Forest Soil Properties to Maintain Productivity. (HTML; Document in GTR-INT-280) In:  Harvey, Alan E.; Neuenschwander, Leon F., compilers. Proceedings - management and productivity of western-montane forest soils; 1990 April 10–12; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. Ogden UT: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. pp 90–94.
• Halvorson, Jonathan J., Jeffrey L. Smith, and R. I. Papendick. 1997. Issues of scale for evaluating soil quality. (HTML) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Jan.–Feb. 1997. pp 26–30.
• Herrick, J. E.; Whitford, W. G.; de Soyza, A. G.; Van Zee, J. W.; Havstad, K. M.; Seybold, C. A.; Walton, M. Field soil aggregate stability kit for soil quality and rangeland health evaluations (HTML). 2001. (published in CATENA 44: 27–35 by Elsevier; available for purchase at Science Direct)
• Howes, Steve; John Hazard, and J. Michael Geist. 1983. Guidelines for sampling some physical conditions of surface soils. (PDF - 3.2 MB) U.S. Forest Service publication R6-RWM-146-1983. Pacific Northwest Region. Portland, OR. July 1983. 34 pp.
• National Research Council – Board on Agriculture. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. (https://books.nap.edu/books/0309048796/html/97.html#pagetop) Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994.
• Page-Dumroese, D.; Harvey, A.; Jurgensen, M. A Guide to Soil Sampling and Analysis on the National Forests of the Inland Northwest United States (HTML). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station - General Technical Report, INT-GTR-326, October 1995.
• Page-Dumroese, D. S., A. E. Harvey, M. F. Jurgensen and M. P. Amaranthus. Comparison methods for determining bulk densities of rocky forest soils. 1999. (abstract is available at Soil Science Society of America Journal)
• Rangeland Health Criteria Tables (PDF - 76 KB) - applies to eastern Montana forests that contain open rangeland
• Reeves, Derrick, Deborah Page-Dumroese and Mark Coleman. “Detrimental Soil Disturbance Associated with Timber Harvest Systems on National Forests in the Northern Region.” (PDF file - 1.89 MB) RMRS-RP-89, June 2011.
  [document added 07/06/2011]
• Wilson, S. D. and H. R. Kleb. 1996. The influence of prairie and forest vegetation on soil moisture and available nitrogen. The American Midland Naturalist. 136: 222–231.

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PRODUCTIVITY 

FS Research Handbooks and Manuals

• Moll, Jeffry E. A Guide to Road Closure and Obliteration in the Forest Service. (PDF available at USDA Forest Service Engineering Publications). 1996.

Symposium Proceedings/General Technical Reports (GTRs)

Intermountain Research Station (Later renamed Rocky Mountain Research Station)

• GTR-INT-374 – Harvey, Alan E., Martin F. Jurgensen, Michael J. Larsen and Joyce A. Schlieter. Distribution of Active Ectomycorrhizal Short Roots in Forest Soils of the Inland Northwest: Effects of Site and Disturbance (PDF - 620 KB). 1986.
• GTR-INT-341 – Hardy, Colin C. and Steven F. Arno. eds. The Use of Fire in Forest Restoration. (A General Session at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration, Seattle, WA, September 14–16, 1995.) [table of contents and selected papers available at https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/int_gtr341/]. 1996.
• GTR-INT-280 – Proceedings—Management and Productivity of Western-Montane Forest Soils, April 10–12, 1990, Boise, ID, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-280, August 1991.
  • Amaranthus, M. P. Factors Affecting Ectomycorrhizae and Forest Regeneration Following Disturbance in the Pacific Northwest (HTML)
  • Binkley, D. Connecting Soils with Forest Productivity (HTML)
  • Bosworth, B.; Studer D. Comparisons of Tree Height Growth on Broadcast-Burned, Bulldozer-Piled, and Nonprepared Sites 15 to 25 Years After Clearcut Logging (HTML)
  • DeBano, L. F. The Effect of Fire on Soil Properties (HTML)
  • Edmonds, R. L. Organic Matter Decomposition in Western United States Forests (HTML)
  • Everett, R.; Zabowski, D.; McColley, P. Vegetative Restoration of Western-Montane Forest Soils (HTML)
  • Geist, J. M. ; Cochran, P. H. Influences of Volcanic Ash and Pumice Deposition on Productivity of Western Interior Forest Soils (HTML)
  • Geist, J. M.; Meurisse, R. T.; Max, T. A. Monitoring Forest Soil Properties to Maintain Productivity (HTML)
  • Graham, R. T.; Minore, D.; Harvey, A. E.; Jurgensen, M. F.;. Page-Dumroese, D. S. Soil Management as an Integral Part of Silvicultural Systems (HTML)
  • Harvey, A. E.; Page-Dumroese, D. S.; Graham, R. T.; Jurgensen, M. F. Ectomycorrhizal Activity and Conifer Growth Interactions in Western-Montane Forest Soils (HTML)
  • Hironaka, M.; Fosberg, M. A.; Neiman, K. E. Jr. The Relationship Between Soils and Vegetation (HTML)
  • Hungerford, R. D.; Harrington, M. G.; Frandsen, W. H.; Ryan, K. C.; Niehoff, G. J. Influence of Fire on Factors that Affect Site Productivity (HTML)
  • Jensen, M. E. Ecological Classification and Cumulative Soil Effects (PDF - 449 KB)
  • Jurgensen, M. F.; Tonn, J. R.; Graham, R. T.; Harvey, A. E.; Geier-Hayes, K. Nitrogen Fixation in Forest Soils of the Inland Northwest (HTML)
  • Megahan, W. F. Erosion and Site Productivity in Western-Montane Forest Ecosystems (HTML)
  • Meurisse, R. T.; Robbie, W. A.; Niehoff, G. J.; Ford, G. Dominant Soil Formation Processes and Properties in Western-Montane Forest Types and Landscapes—Some Implications for Productivity and Management (HTML)
  • Molina, R.; Amaranthus, M. Rhizosphere Biology: Ecological Linkages Between Soil Processes, Plant Growth, and Community Dynamics (HTML)
  • Page-Dumroese, D.; Harvey, A.; Jurgensen, M.; Graham, R. Organic Matter Function in the Western-Montane Forest Soil System (HTML)
  • Page-Dumroese, D.; Graham, R. T.; Harvey, A. E. Soil Organic Matter Effects on Douglas-Fir Growth in Northern Idaho Soils (HTML)
  • Powers, R. F. Are We Maintaining the Productivity of Forest Lands? Establishing Guidelines Through a Network of Long-Term Studies (HTML)
  • Sommer, M.; Adams, D.; Mahler, R. Soil Properties as a Factor in Regeneration Failures in the Grand Fir Mosaic—Preliminary Results (HTML)
  • Stark, N. M.; Zuuring, H. Minimizing the Adverse Impacts of Timber Harvest in the Northern Rocky Mountains (HTML)
  • Steele, R.; Pfister, R. D. Western-Montane Plant Communities and Forest Ecosystem Perspectives (HTML)
  • Verbyla, D. L. Validation of Soil-Site Models (HTML)
• GTR-INT-264 – Burroughs, Edward R. Jr. and John G. King. Reduction of Soil Erosion on Forest Roads (PDF - 1.9 MB). 1989.
  [Document added to SoLo on 11/27/2006]
• GTR-INT-110 – Harvesting and Utilization Opportunities for Forest Residues in the Northern Rocky Mountains: Symposium Proceedings (PDF - 10.3 MB), Sept. 11–13, 1979, Missoula, MT, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-110, September 1980.
• GTR-INT-90 – Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in Rocky Mountain Coniferous Forests: Symposium Proceedings (PDF - 19.7 MB), Sept. 11–13, 1979, Missoula, MT, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-90, September 1980.
• GTR-INT-65 – Harvey, Alan E., Martin F. Jurgensen and Michael J. Larsen. Role of Forest Fuels in the Biology and Management of soil (PDF - 4.4 MB). 1979.
  [Document added to SoLo on 03/07/2008]
• GTR-INT-28 – Harvey, Alan E., Martin F. Jurgensen and Michael J. Larsen. Intensive Fiber Utilization and Prescribed Fire: Effects on the Microbial Ecology of Forests (PDF - 3.1 MB). 1976.
  [Document added to SoLo on 11/27/2006]

Pacific Northwest Research Station

• GTR-PNW-840 – Reynolds, Keith M., Paul F. Hessburg, Richard E. Miller, and Robert T. Meurisse. Evaluating Soil Risks Associated With Severe Wildfire and Ground-Based Logging. 2011.
  [Link to document added 09/09/2011]
• GTR-PNW-811 – Miller, Richard E., James D. McIver, Steven W. Howes and William B Gaeuman. Assessment of Soil Disturbance in Forests of the Interior Columbia River Basin: A Critique. 2010.
  [Link to document added 07/30/2010]
• GTR-PNW-802 – Pye J.M., H.M. Rauscher, Y. Sands, D.C. Lee, and J. S. Beatty, Technical Eds. Advances in Threat Assessment and Their Application to Forest and Rangeland Management, Volume 1. September 2010.
  [Link added to SoLo on 05/04/2011]
• GTR-PNW-759 – Erickson, Heather E.; White, Rachel. Soils under fire: soils research and the Joint Fire Science Program. 2008.
• GTR-PNW-362 – Cooper, Stephen V., Peter Lesica and Deborah Page-Dumroese. Plant Community Classification for Alpine Vegetation on the Beaverhead National Forest, Montana (available at https://treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/35499). 1997.
  [Link to document added 07/30/2010]
• GTR-PNW-323 – Harvey, Alan E., Michael Geist, Gerald McDonald, Martin F. Jurgensen, Patrick H. Cochran, Darlene Zabowski and Robert T. Meurisse. Biotic and Abiotic Processes in Eastside Ecosystems: The Effects of Management on Soil Properties, Processes, and Productivity. 1994.

Rocky Mountain Research Station (formerly called Intermountain Research Station)

• RMRS-GTR-215 – Rawinski, John J. and Deborah S. Page-Dumroese. Soil compaction monitoring of the Pool Timber Sale, Rio Grande National Forest, Colorado 16 years after logging. 2008.
  [link to document added 02/20/2009]
• RMRS-P-44 – Page-Dumroese, Deborah; Miller, Richard; Mital, Jim; McDaniel, Paul; Miller, Dan, tech. eds. Volcanic-Ash-Derived Forest Soils of the Inland Northwest: Properties and Implications for Management and Restoration. [entire proceedings available at https://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/smp/docs/dumroese/RMRS-P-44.pdf (PDF - 6.7 MB); individual papers can be downloaded separately at https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p044.html]. 2007. (Conference was held November 9–10, 2005 in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.)
• GTR-RMRS-42 – Neary, Daniel G.; Ryan, Kevin C.; DeBano, Leonard F., eds. Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on Soil and Water. 2005 (revised 2008).
  [Document added to SoLo on 09/11/2008]

Miscellaneous GTRs and Proceedings

• WO-WSA-2 – Proceedings of the Soil Quality Standards Symposium (PDF - 4 MB), Oct. 23, 1990, San Antonio, TX, USDA Forest Service Watershed and Air Management, WO-WSA-2, Washington D.C., February 1992.

Research Papers and Notes

• Adams, P. W.; H. A. Froehlich. Compaction of Forest Soils (PDF - 1.3 MB). 1984.
• Amaranthus, Michael P. and David E. Steinfeld. Soil compaction after yarding of small-diameter Douglas-fir with a small tractor in southwest Oregon (PDF - 707 KB). 1997.
• Amaranthus, Michael P., Debbie Page-Dumroese, Al Harvey, Efren Cazares and Larry F. Bednar. Soil compaction and organic matter affect conifer seedling nonmycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance and diversity (HTML). 1996.
• Andrus, C. W.; H. A. Froehlich. An Evaluation of Four Implements Used to Till Compacted Forest Soils in the Pacific Northwest (PDF - 1.2 MB). 1983.
• Angima S.D. and T. A. Terry. 2011. Best Management Practices for Maintaining Soil Productivity in the Douglas-fir Region. Oregon State University Extension Service. 44 p.
  [link added 05/04/2011]
• Arno, S. F. Forest fire history in the Northern Rockies. 1980. Journal of Forestry 78(8): 460–465.
• Arno, Stephen F. The historical role of fire on the Bitterroot National Forest (PDF - 2.34 MB). 1976. (RP-INT-187)
• Azuma, David L. and Glenn A. Christensen. Southwest Oregon Biscuit Fire: An analysis of forest resources and fire severity. 2004. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, PNW-RP-560.
  [Document linked to SoLo on 02/13/2009]
• B. C. Ministry of Forests. Hazard Assessment Keys for Evaluating Site Sensitivity to Soil Degrading Processes Guidebook, 2nd Edition, Ver. 2.1. 1999. Province of British Columbia, Canada.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Belnap, J. Impacts of Trampling Soils in Southeast Utah Ecosystems (HTML). 1998?
• Benson, Robert E. Damage from logging and prescribed burning in partially cut Douglas-fir stands (PDF - 846 KB). 1980. (RN-INT-294)
• Bissett, J. and D. Parkinson. Long-term effects of fire on the composition and activity of the soil microflora of a subalpine, coniferous forest. 1980. Canadian Journal of Botany 58: 1704-1721.
• Blank, R. T.; T. Svejcar. Grazing Influences on Selected Soil Attributes in a Sierra Nevada Riparian Meadow (HTML). Proceedings, AWRA's 2000 summer specialty conference: riparian ecology and management in multi-land use watersheds: August 28–31, 2000, Portland, Oregon. Middleburg, VA: American Water Resources Association, c2000. Technical publication series; no. TPS 00-2: p. 269–273.
• Bock, Michael D. and Ken C. J. Van Rees. Mechanical site preparation impacts on soil properties and vegetation communites in the Northwest Territories. 2002. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 1381–1392.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Brantley, Susan L. Understanding soil time. 2008. Science. 321: 1454–1455
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Busse, Matt D.; Samual E. Beattie; Robert F. Powers; Felipe G. Sanchez and Allan E. Tiarks. Microbial community responses in forest mineral soil to compaction, organic matter removal, and vegetation control. Can. J. For. Res. 2006. 36(3): 577–588.
• Carter, Mason C.; Thomas J. Dean; Ziyin Wang and Ray A. Newbold. Impacts of harvesting and postharvest treatments on soil bulk density, soil strength, and early growth of Pinus taeda in the Gulf Coastal Plain: a Long-Term Soil Productivity affiliated study. Can. J. For. Res. 2006. 36(3): 601–614.
• Carter, Mason C. and C. Darwin Foster. Prescribed burning and productivity in southern pine forests: a review. 2004. For. Ecol. Mgmt. 191: 93–109.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Cline, Richard G. and Gaylon S. Campbell. Seasonal and diurnal water relations of selected forest species. 1976. Ecology 57(2): 367–373.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Cline, Richard G.; Jerry Ragus; Gary D. Hogan; Doug G. Maynard; Neil W. Foster; Thomas A. Terry; Ronald L. Heninger; Robert G. Campbell and Mason C. Carter. Policies and practices to sustain soil productivity: perspectives from the public and private sectors. Can. J. For. Res. 2006. 36(3): 615–625.
• Coleman, Mark; Page-Dumroese, Deborah; Archuleta, Jim; Badger, Phil; Chung, Woodum; Venn, Tyron; Loeffler, Dan; Jones, Greg; McElligott, Kristin. 2010. Can portable pyrolysis units make biomass utilization affordable while using bio-char to enhance soil productivity and sequester carbon?. In: Jain, Theresa B.; Graham, Russell T.; Sandquist, Jonathan. Integrated management of carbon sequestration and biomass utilization opportunities in a changing climate: Proceedings of the 2009 National Silviculture Workshop; 2009 June 15–18; Boise, ID. Proceedings RMRS-P-61. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 159–168.
  [link added 05/04/2011]
• Conlin, T. S. S. and R. van den Driessche. Soil Compaction Studies. 1996. Canadian Forest Service and B.C. Ministry of Forests
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Cromer, R. N. and R. G. Vines. 1966. Soil temperatures under a burning windrow. Aust. For. Res. 2: 29–34.
• Curran, Michael, P.; Douglas G. Maynard; Ronald L. Heninger; Thomas A. Terry; Steven W. Howes; Douglas M. Stone; Thomas Niemann; Richard E. Miller and Robert F. Powers. An adaptive management process for forest soil conservation. 2005. For. Chron. 81(5): 717–722.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Daddow, R. L. and G. E. Warrington. Growth-limiting Soil Bulk Densities as Influenced by Soil Texture (PDF - 104 KB). 1983. Watershed Systems Development Group Report: WSDG-TN-00005.
• Davis, K. P. and K. A. Klehm. Controlled burning in the Western White Pine type. 1939.
• Davis, S. Effectiveness of a Winged Subsoiler in Ameliorating a Compacted Clayey Forest Soil (PDF - 316 KB). 1983.
• DeByle, N. V. 1976. Fire, logging, and debris disposal effects on soil and water in northern coniferous forests (PDF - 729 KB). International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Div. 1, Proceedings XVI IUFRO World Congr. Oslo, Norway. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 201–212.
• DeLuca, T. H. and K. L. Zouhar. Effects of selection harvest and prescribed fire on the soil nitrogen status of ponderosa pine forests. 2000. For. Ecol. Mgmt. 138: 263–271.
  [link to document added 02/13/2009]
• Dumroese, R. Kasten; Heiskanen, Juha; Englund, Karl; Tervahauta, Arja 2011. Pelleted biochar: chemical and physical properties show potential use as a substrate in container nurseries. Biomass & Bioenergy. 35: 2018–2027.
  [link added 05/04/2011]
• Dumroese, R. Kasten; Page-Dumroese, Deborah S.; Brown, Robert E. 2011. Allometry, nitrogen status, and carbon stable isotope composition of Pinus ponderosa seedlings in two growing media with contrasting nursery irrigation regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 40: 1091–1101.
  [link added 05/23/2011]
• Entry, J. A.; N. M. Stark and H. Loewenstein. Effect of timber harvesting on microbial biomass fluxes in a northern Rocky Mountain forest soil. 1986.
• Fahnestock, George R. Logging slash flammability after five years (PDF - 2.58 MB). 1962. (RP-INT-70)
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Other Related Publications

• Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) located at https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/. (FEIS summarizes and synthesizes research about living organisms in the United States—their biology, ecology, and relationship to fire.)
• Hungry Horse News articles - September 20, 1974, Columbia Falls, Montana: Forest Research Study Centers on Desert Mountain (page 1 - 866 KB), Forest Research Study Centers on Desert Mountain (page 2 - 1.86 MB) and Skyline Logging on Desert Mountain (page 3 - 2.78 MB). (articles posted with permission of the Hungry Horse News, Columbia Falls, MT)
  [added to SoLo on 10/15/2008]
• The Sunday Missoulian article - Yes Folks, That Was a Forest Fire. September 14, 1975.
  [publication added 05/19/2009]

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